Enhancing procurement Efficiency: Procurement Principles and Cycle 2018/09/07 Suwarn Kumar Singh, Suraj Shrestha & Shailendra Prasad Bhatt

Context चिरिबाबुलाई एलर्जी गराउने दुई चिजः कर्मचारी र टेण्डर !

Context

Context

Context

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;fj{hlgs vl/bM kl/ro ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx? cg's'n / p2]Zo k|flKt pGd'v agfpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+/rgfM sfg'g, lgod, sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsfx? ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 /sd vr{ ug{'kbf{ lawflosfn] agfPsf] P]g, lgod, sfo{ljlw tyf k|lqmofx?sf] kfngf ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ljwflosf tyf ;/sf/k|lt hjfkmb]lxtf ;d]t jxg ug{'kb{5 .

5nkmnsf] laifo (Agenda) ;fj{hlgs vl/b Aoj:yfkg M /0flglts b[li6sf]0f (Strategic Orientation) ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx? (Procurement Principles) ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] rs| (Procurement Cycle)

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0flglts b[li6sf]0f cg'ej vl/b k|efjsfl/tf -nfut, ;do / ;fy{stf_ vl/b sfo{df ;+nUf sd{rfl/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; cg'kfngf (Compliance standard) : a]?h' k|of]ustf{sf] ;Gt'li6 Hff]lvd

lalgof]lgt /sd / af:tlas vr{sf] cg'kft (Source: FCGO ) vr{ /cf=a= lalgof]lgt /sddf af:tlas vr{ (%) 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 Rffn' vr{ 88.69 85.88 85.07 76.67 80.03 86.65 k'lhut vr{ 82.56 78.37 76.09 59.01 66.92 79.74 ljlQo vr{ 94.81 82.35 100.89 84.28 91.71 77.75 hDdf vr{ 88.59 84.11 86 73.34 79.82 83.86

Source: Annupurna TV, April 10, 2018 af:tljstf करोडौं बजेटका सरकारी आयोजनाले बजेट हतारमा सकाउन ‘असारे विकास’ को रिहर्सल सुरु गरेका छन्। देशभर विभिन्न मन्त्रालयअन्तर्गतका सिँचाइ, सडक, पुल, खानेपानी, मर्मत सम्भारलगायत निर्माण कार्य हतार–हतार सुरु गर्न गृहकार्य थालिएको छ।आर्थिक वर्ष ०७४-७५ को सुरुदेखि नै थालनी गर्नुपर्ने विकास आयोजना अन्तिम समयमा तयारी गर्ने परम्परा यसपटक पनि सुरु भएको छ Source: Annupurna TV, April 10, 2018

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0flglts b[li6sf]0f /fHoaf6 ul/g] s'n vr{sf] ^) b]lv &) Ü eGbf a9L lx:;f ;fj{hlgs vl/bn] cf]u6]sf] (FCGO) ;fj{hlgs vl/b – lasf;sf ;+efjgfx?nfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft ug]{ ;+oGq s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] cf};t !)Ü – !%Ü lx:;f (OECD) ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] /0flglts Aoj:yfkg s]Gb| gLltut, ;+:yfut, k|flalws / cfk"lt{stf{;+u ;DalGwt

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf kIfx?M lglhIf]q / ;fa{hlgs lgsfosf] ;xsfo{ Joj:yfksLo sfo{M s'zn Aoj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] cfjZostf Hf]flvd Aoj:yfkg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;fwf/0f k|zf;sLo sfo{ geO{ /0fgLlts k]zf (Strategic Profession) /0fgLlts hgzlStsf] lasf;

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0flglts b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf cfofdx?M != sfg"gL cfofd @= /fhg}lts cfofd #+= cfly{s cg'zf;g / ;'zf;g cfofd $= ahf/ ;Da¢ cfofd %= ;fdflhs cfly{s cfofd ^= k'jf{wf/ / cGo ljsf; ;Da¢ cfofd

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0f ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf p4]Zox?M ck]Iff k"/f ug'{ (Meet Expectation) d"No ;fy{stf ( Value for money) nfe ljt/0f (Deliver benefits)

;fj{hlgs vl/b M /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0f ;d:ofx? M sfo{s'zntfsf] sdL, clgoldttf d'No ;fy{stfsf] pk]Iff kl/0ffdM cfly{s a[l¢ tyf lasf;df k|lts"n c;/

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf l;4fGtx? (Procurement Principles)

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?M Procurement Management Overview Developing an Procurement Plan Plan Procurement Management Conduct Procurements Control Procurements Close Procurements ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?M ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf nfluM ljZj;gLo O{dfGbf/Ltf l;4fGtx?M hjfkmb]xLtf ;dfg cj;/ -k|lt:kwf{_ :jR5tf

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?M plrt tyf ;kmn ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] cfwf/: “v'nf, kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j¢{g u/L ldtAooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ /

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ u/fpFbf, dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[4L u/L pTkfbs, ljs|]tf, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ lagf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{" k|:tfjgfM ;fj{hlgs vl/b -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&#

;fj{hlgs vl/b: ;kmntfsf sf/stTjx? (Success Factors) Believing on Equity Vs Equality

;fj{hlgs vl/b: ;kmntfsf sf/stTjx? (Success Factors) cfjZostfsf] ;xL klxrfg cfjZostfsf] k|fyldlss/0f tyf auL{s/0f ahf/sf] lrq0f (Market profiling) :k]lzkms]zg lgwf{/0f tyf nfut cg'dfg (Basics of specifications and Cost estimation) vl/b k|ls|of lgwf{/0f -lalw / k|ls|of_

;fj{hlgs vl/b: ;kmntfsf sf/stTjx? (Success Factors) s'zn ;+/rgf /rgfTds tyf gjk|j{tg ;dosf] Aoj:yfkg ;+rf/ tyf ;+nUgtf vl/b ;'zf;g

lgb]{lzt b:tfa]h (Guiding documents) ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# /;fj{hlgs vl/b -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&# -@)&#.)#.#)_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$/;fj{hlgs vl/b -kfrf}+ ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&# -@)&#.!!.@^_ Afflif{s ah]6 Afflif{s vl/b of]hgf

;fj{hlgs vl/b rs| (Procurement Cycle)

#= ahf/ ;+nUg /0fgLlt -vl/b sfuhftsf] tof/_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b rs| != klxrfg tyf lain]if0f @= ahf/ cfk"lt{ lrq0f #= ahf/ ;+nUg /0fgLlt -vl/b sfuhftsf] tof/_ $=vl/b sfof{Gjog %=lgoGq0f / sfo{ Aoj:yfkg

!= klxrfg tyf lain]if0f cfjZostf klxrfg tyf lain]if0f ;+u7g tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cfjZostfM at{dfg tyf elaiodf cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] elaiodf kfg]{ k|efj cfGtl/s vr{ lain]if0f lgdf{0f, a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] laz]iftf Go"gtd cfjZostf

@= ahf/ cfk'lt{ lrq0f (Market Profiling) ahf/n] pknAw ug{ ;Sg] lgsfon] vl/b ug{ ;Sg] s:n] / s;af6 vl/b ug]{ k/fdz{bftfsf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{

#= ahf/ ;+nUg /0fgLlt -vl/b sfuhftsf] tof/_ vl/bsf nflu cfjZos k|of;x? cfk"lt{stf{sf] Ifdtf cfjZos dfusf] cg'dfg ;fgf] jf 7"nf] PsfO{sf laefhg (Unbundle or Bundle) k/fdz{bftfsf] ;xeflutf vl/b sfuhftsf] tof/

$= vl/b sfof{Gjog vl/b sfuhftsf] lgisfzg af]nkq k]z ug{' k"j{sf] a}7s -k[i7kf]if0f_ k|:tfj a'em\g] tyf btf{ ug]{ vf]Ng] / d"Nofs+g ug]{ 5gf}6 tyf ;"rgf ;Demf}tf

%= sfof{Gjog lgoGq0f / sfo{ Aoj:yfkg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf b'a} kIfsf] lxt ;'kl/j]If0f tyf af]nkqbftfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg lg/Gt/ ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ;DaGw Aoj:yfkg (Relationship Management) vl/b clwsf/Lsf] k]zfut pRr l;k, 1fg tyf lgi7fsf] ;'lgZrtf

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] rs| (Procurement Cycle) ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d'Vo r/0fx?M Af]fnkqk"j{sf] r/0f Af]fnkqavtsf] r/0f :jLs[tkl5sf] r/0f cfjZostf klxrfg of]hgf tyf ah]6 cfjZostf lgwf{/0f lalwsf] 5g]f6 Af]fnkq cfXjfg d"Nofs+g :jLs[t ;Demf}tf Aoj:yfkg cfb]z e'StfgL

s'zn vl/b Aoj:yfks (Procurement Manager) ahf/ ;DaGwL 1fg=====pknAwtf laQLo 1fg ===============ah]6 k|flalws 1fg =======:k]l;lkms]zg sfg"gL 1fg ============;Demf}tf k|of]ustf{==============cfjZostf cGo ==============;dfh, jftfj/0f tyf cGo

vl/b of]hgf a) vl/b u'? of]hgf (Master Procurement Plan) s_ Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd ;~rfng x'g] of]hgf jf cfof]hgfsf] nflu ul/g] vl/bsf] xsdf, Jff -v_ jflif{s bzs/f]8 ¿k}ofeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf . b) jflif{s vl/b of]hgf (Annual Procurement Plan) ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] jflif{s bznfv ¿k}ofFeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] cg'dflgt jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ ubf{ jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{kg]{

vl/b of]hgf cEof;

vl/b of]hgf

dfn;dfg vl/b (Procurement of Goods)

dfn;dfg vl/b vl/b sf/afxLsf] tof/L, vl/b of]hgf / nfut cg'dfg

dfn;dfg vl/b vl/b sf/afxLsf] tof/LM vl/b cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{, vl/b ;DaGwL ljleGg k|fljlws s'/f ;dfwfg ug{ / cfk"lt{stf{sf] pknAwtf olsg ug{ ahf/df k|rlnt vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] hfgsf/L lng], cl3Nnf jif{x?df ;dfg k|s[ltsf] vl/b ul/Psf] eP To:tf] vl/b k|ls|ofsf] cWoog ug]{, vl/bsf] ljj/0f, kl/df0f / If]q Plsg ug]{, vl/bnfO{ a9L ;'ljwfhgs ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ jf Kofs]hdf ;dfj]z ug{],

dfn;dfg vl/b vl/bsf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, vl/bsf] cfly{s ;|f]t / /sdsf] klxrfg ug]{, vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, / b'O{s/f]8 ?k+}ofF;Ddsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/beGbf afx]ssf] cGo vl/bdf af]nkq of]Uotf jf k"j{ of]Uotfsf] sf/afxL ug'{ kg]{ jf gkg]{ s'/f olsg ug]{ .

dfn;dfg vl/b lnlvt cfb]z k|fKt ug{' kg]{ vl/b dfu k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ M dfn;fdfgsf] k|sf/, u'0f:t/, kl/df0f ;DaGwL ljj/0f, dfn;fdfg cfjZos kg]{ ;do, vl/bsf] cg'dflgt d"No, / d"No Joxf]l/g] ;|f]t .

dfn;dfg vl/b vl/b of]hgf a) vl/b u'? of]hgf (Master Procurement Plan) s_ Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd ;~rfng x'g] of]hgf jf cfof]hgfsf] nflu ul/g] vl/bsf] xsdf, Jff -v_ jflif{s bzs/f]8 ¿k}ofeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf . b) jflif{s vl/b of]hgf (Annual Procurement Plan) ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] jflif{s bznfv ¿k}ofFeGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] cg'dflgt jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ ubf{ jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug'{kg]{

dfn;dfg vl/b nfut cg'dfg tof/M dfn;fdfgsf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ b]xfosf s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lng' kg]{5 M– ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf To:tf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo /x]sf] lhNnfsf] cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] rfn" jf cl3Nnf jif{x?df ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] vl/b ubf{ nfu]sf] jf:tljs nfut, :yfgLo ahf/df k|rlnt b/efp, cGo ahf/sf] k|rlnt b/efp / dfn;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug]{ :yfg;Dd nfUg] cg'dflgt 9'jfgL vr{, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] hf/L u/]sf] b//]6 .

dfn;dfg vl/b nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t

dfn;dfg vl/b vl/b lalw / vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] 5gf}6 vl/b ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug]{M -:k]lzlkms]zg, of]hgf, gSzf, l8hfO{g, BoQ)

vl/b lalwsf] 5gf]6

vl/b lalwx? ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * df b]xfosf bz ljlw /x]sf] != cGt/f{li6«o v'Nnf af]nkq @= /fli6«o v'Nnf af]nkq #= l;naGbL b/efpkq $= ;f]emf] vl/b %= pkef]Stf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfdf ^= cdfgtaf6 &= Psd'i6 ljlwaf6 *= pTkfbs jf clws[t ljqm]tf dfkm{t lgwf{l/t b/df -Sof6nu ;lkË_ (= l;ldt af]nkqbftf dfkm{t -lnld6]8 6]08l/Ë_ !)= gofF k'/fgf] ;f6km]/ ljlw -afO{ Aofs d]y8_ .

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;f]em} vl/b -l;ldt cfk'lt{stf{_

;f]emf] vl/b lalw % nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{, dfn;fdfg jf k/fdz{ ;]jf, @) nfv ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] cf}iflwhGo dfn;fdfg g]kfndf pTkflbt !% nfv ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] dfn;fdfg 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt @% nfv ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] dfn;fdfg pbfx/0fM # j6f Nofk6k

;f]emf] vl/b lalw olsg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx?M e08f/df df}Hbft cfjZos of]Uotf :k]l;lkms]zg tyf k|fljlws u'0f:t/ plrt d"No df}h"bf ;"rLdf /x]sf sDtLdf # j6f cfk"lt{stf{af6 k|:tfj dfu

l;naGbL b/efpkq lalw :jLs[t sfo{qmd / vl/b of]hgf cg';f/ @) nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf h'g;'s} ;]jf %) nfv ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] PS;/], Ol;hL, cf}iflwhGo dfn;fdfg, /f]usf] lgbfg tyf pkrf/sf] nflu k|of]u x'g] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL pks/0fx¿ pbfx/0fM !) j6f Nofk6k

l;naGbL b/efpkq lalw olsg ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx?M Dffn;dfgsf] kl/df0f, k|flaws :k]lzlkms];g, sfo{ut If]qx?, e08f/df df}Hbftf cfjZos of]Uotf hdfgt /sdM nfut cg'dfgsf] @% b]lv #% -a}s+ jf gub_ -a}s hdfgtsf] dfGo cjlw M &% lbg_ sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgt M ;Demf}tf /sdsf] %% l;naGbL, cflwsfl/s 5fk / ;xL d"Nofs+g lalwM Go"gtd d"Nodf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL (LCBS)

l;naGbL b/efpkq lalw pbfx/0fM Nffut cg'dfgM ?=!*,)),))) ;"rgf ldltM @)&%.)%.!% hdfgt /sdM ?=$%,))) -Nffut cg'dfgsf] @=%Ü_ a}s hdfgtsf] dfGo cjlw M @)&%.)*.!@ -b/efpkq vf]Ng] ldlt b]lv sDtLdf &% lbg_ :jLs[t b/efpkqbftfn] saf]n u/]sf] /sdM ? !^,)),))) sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgtM ?=*),))) -;Demf}tf /sdsf] %%_

l;naGbL b/efpkq lalw ;"rgf cjlw M !% lbg kmf/d b:t'/M ?=!,))) l;naGbL b/efpkqsf] dfGo cjlw $%lbg ;"rgf cjlw M !% lbg kmf/d b:t'/M ?=!,))) d"Nofs+g cjlwM b/efpkq vf]n]sf] ldltaf6 !% lbg vl/b ;Demf}tf ug{ cfpg ;"rgf cjlw M & lbg klxnf] rf]l6 Go"gtd # j6f b/efpkq k]z ePsf] x'g'kg]{ bf];|f] ;"rgf

af]nkq lalw pbfx/0fM !) j6f sf/

af]nkq lalw @) nfv ¿k}ofFeGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] af]nkq dfGo x'g] cjlwM !) s/f]8 ?k}+ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg – () lbg !) s/f]8 ?k}+ofFeGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg – !@) lbg hdfgt /sdM cg'dflgt nfutsf] @ b]lv #% -a}s+ hdfgt jf gub_ -a}s+ hdfgtsf] dfGo x'g] cjlw M af]nkq dfGo x'g] cjlweGbf sDtLdf ! dlxgf a9L_ lab]zL a}s+n] hf/L u/]dfM k|Tofe"lt (Counter Guarantee)

af]nkq lalw l;naGbL, ;xL, 5fk, / kfj/ ckm c6lg{ d"Nofs+g lalwM ;fdfGotof Go"gtd d"Nodf cfwfl/t k|0fnL (LCBS) ;"rgf cjlw M #) lbg (NCB) / tyf $% lbg (ICB) af]nkq k]z ug{' k"j{sf] a}7sM k]z ug]{ clGtd lbgeGbf sDtLdf !) lbg (NCB) / tyf !% lbg (ICB) cufj}

af]nkq lalw Dffn;dfgsf] kl/df0f, k|flaws :k]lzlkms];g, sfo{ut If]qx?, cfjZos of]Uotf sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgt M;Demf}tf /sdsf] %% hdfgt bflvnf ubf{ af]nkqbftfn] nfut cg'dfgeGbf kGw| k|ltzt;Dd sd cÍ sa'n u/]df sa'n cÍsf] %% / nfut cg'dfgsf] kGw| k|ltzteGbf a9L 36]/ sa'n u/]sf] cj:yfdf kGw k|ltzteGbf hlt /sdn] 36L sa'n u/]sf] 5 ;f]sf] %)% n] x'g cfpg] /sd sa'n cÍsf] kfFr k|ltztdf yk u/L sfo{;Dkfbg hdfgt afkt bflvnf ug'{ kg]{5 .

af]nkq lalw -s_ pTkfbs jf clws[t ljqm]tfåf/f lgwfl/t b/df (Catalog Shopping) sDtLdf & lbgb]lv a9Ldf !% lbg;Ddsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] vl/b ug{ ;lsg] dfn;dfgM != x]eL OlSjkd]G6, @= ;jf/L ;fwg, #= cf}hf/, $= d]lzg/L, %= pks/0f, ^= PS;/] jf Pdcf/cfO{ h:tf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ pkrf/hGo oGq jf o:t} cGo oflGqs dfn;fdfgx¿ laqm]tfaf6 tf]lsPsf] d"No / ;'ljwfsf] cfwf/df d"No laZn]if0f

af]nkq lalw /sdsf] ;Ldf M ;jf/L ;fwg VAT ;lxt a9Ldf ?=^),))))).– pTkfbs jf clws[t ljqm]tfåf/f lgwfl/t b/df========= /sdsf] ;Ldf M ;jf/L ;fwg VAT ;lxt a9Ldf ?=^),))))).– x]eL OlSjkd]G6 VAT ;lxt a9Ldf ?=^),))))).– PS;/] jf Pd cf/ cfO{ h:tf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ pkrf/hGo oGq VAT ;lxt a9Ldf ?=$),)),))).– cf}hf/, d]lzg/L, pks/0f, jf o:t} cGo oflGqs dfn;fdfgx? VAT ;lxt a9Ldf ?=@%,)),))).–

af]nkq lalw # jf ;f]eGbf sd ;+Vofdf pknAw ePsf] cj:yf -v_ ;Lldt af]nkq (Limited Tendering) ljlw # jf ;f]eGbf sd ;+Vofdf pknAw ePsf] cj:yf !% lbgsf] af]nkq cfXjfgsf] ;"rgf ax'jifL{o ;Demf}tf ug{' kg]{ vl/b sf/afxLdf k|of]u gx'g] Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng' kg]{ .

af]nkq lalw -u_ gofF lng] k'/fgf] lbg] ljlw (Buy Back Method_ ;jf/L ;fwg, cf}hf/, d]lzg/L pks/0f, oGq, /;fog, dn, ljifflb jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo dfn;fdfgx¿sf]] tf]s]sf] jf/]G6L jf Uof/]G6Lsf] ;do;Ldf cjlwkl5 dd{t;Def/ k|efjsf/L gx'g], dfkb08 cg'¿ksf] kl/0ffd glbg] jf k'gM k|of]u ug{ gldNg] jf cf}lrToxLg x'g] hg:jf:Yo jf jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] e08f/0f u/L /fVg] jf lnnfd ug{ ;d]t pko'Qm gx'g] cj:yf ePdf

lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b

lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b Df}fh'bf ;'lr tof/ ug]{ lgdf{0fsfo{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f -lgdf{0f sDklgx?sf] ;'lr _ lgdf{0fsfo{sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f :k]l;lkms]zg, of]hgf, gSzf, l8hfOg, ljz]if cfjZostf jf cGo ljj/0fx¿ tof/ tyf l:js[lt Nffut cg'dfg tof/M != gD;{ adf]lhd nfut cg'dfg tof/ -lgdf{0f ;DaGwL, k'/ftflTjs pTvgg ;DaGwL / ;'?ª vGg], l8k 6\o'j\j]n, k]6«f]lnod cg';Gwfg cflb h:tf hldgd'lg ul/g] sfo{ @= b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] b//]6 #= nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ k|fljlws eGbf Ps tx dflysf] k|fljlws jf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ l8hfOg 8«O{ª ;d]t hfFRg nufO{ s'g} q'6L b]lvPdf To:tf] q'6L ;Rofpg]

lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b nfut cg'dfg l:js[t

vl/b lalw cGt{//fli6«o :t/df af]nkq cfXjfg /fli6«o :t/df af]nkq cfXjfg -@ s/f]8 b]lv ! ca{_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} of]Uotf cfjZos gkg]{ k|s[ltsf] @ s/f]8 ¿k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b ug{' kbf{ nfut cg'dfg ;fj{hlgs u/L /fli6«o:t/sf] af]nkqsf] dfWodåf/f Psd'i6 b/ ljlwsf] cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{ -Ps alif{o dfq, nfut cg'dfg v'nfpg' kg]{_

vl/b lalw pkef]Stf ;ldlt tyf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfoaf6 ? ! s/]f8 ;Dd l;nalGw b/efpkq M :jLs[t sfo{qmd / vl/b of]hgf cg';f/ @) nfv ¿k}ofF ;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;f]emf] vl/bM % nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f

af]nkq sfuhftsf d'Vo Aoj:yfx? clu|d e'Stflg (Advance payment)M ;Demf}tf /sdsf] @) % -a}s+ hdfgtsf] cfwf/df_ k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ (Compensation) M lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] l9nfO{sf] sf/0fn] vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfd ;f] ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] Dofbdf ;DkGg x'g g;s]df lghn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ ;Demf}tf /sdsf] !) % df ga9\g] u/L ;fwf/0ftof k|lt lbg ;Demf}tf /sdsf] )=)% % k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{

af]nkq sfuhftsf d'Vo Aoj:yfx? k'/:sf/ (Award): tf]lsPsf] cjlw eGbf cl3 sfd ;DkGg ug]{ lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k'/:sf/ v/Lb ;Demf]}tfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq sfd ;DkGg ug{ g;s] jfkt b}lgs ?kdf hlt /sd ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{ kg]{ xf] Tolt g} /sd a/fa/sf] b/ tyf s'n /sd ;Demf}tf /sdsf] !) % k|ltzt eGbf a9L gx'g] sfo{ :yn ed|0f (Site Visit)

k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] vl/b

k/fdz{ ;]jf (Consulting service) cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;e]{If0f, l8hfOg, 8«O{ª ;'k/Lj]If0f, tfnLd, k/LIf0f ug]{ sfd, ;km\6j]o/sf] ljsf; jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo af}l4s jf k]zfut ;]jf .

cfwf/e't leGgtf k/fdz{ ;]jf dfn;dfg tyf lgdf{0f b'O{ r/0f (Two stage) ;dfGotof Ps r/0f (Single Stage) of]Uotf (Competencies) df cfwfl/t ;fdfGotof d'No (Price) df cfwfl/t af}l4stfdf cfwfl/t (Knowledge Based) a:t'df cfwfl/t (Product Based) Short list af6 v''nf k|lt:kwf{ (Open competition) af6 sfo{ut If]qx? (Terms of Reference ) k|flalws :k]lzlkms];g (Technical Specifications) k|:tfjsf nflu cg'/f]w (RFP) af]nkq cfXjfg (Invitation for Bid) Afftf{sf] dfWod (Negotiations Based ) lagf aftf{ lagf hdfgt Aff]nkq hdfgt / sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt 74

vl/b k|ls|ofM k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{, k|fljlws s'/f ;dfwfg ug{ k/fdz{bftfsf] pknAwtf olsg ug{], cl3Nnf jif{x?df ;dfg k|s[ltsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ul/Psf] eP To:tf] vl/b k|ls|ofsf] cWoog ug]{, k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf] ljj/0f, kl/df0f / If]q Plsg ug]{, vl/bnfO{ a9L ;'ljwfhgs ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ jf Kofs]hdf ;dfj]z ug{],

vl/b k|ls|ofM k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufpg], vl/bsf] cfly{s ;|f]t / /sdsf] klxrfg ug]{, vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b sfof{Gjog, ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog tyf lgoldt 5nkmn

k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b sfof{Gjog ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ubf{M @) nfv b]lv !) s/f]8 ;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfM cfzokq ;Íng ug{ sDtLdf kGw| lbgsf] cjlw lbO{ /fli6«o:t/sf] ;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{ !) s/f]8 ?k}+ofFeGbf a9L /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfM cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] cfzokq dfu ug'{ kg]{ @) nfv ¿k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] vl/bsf nflu sDtLdf !% lbg / ;f] eGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] vl/bsf nflu sDtLdf #) lbgsf] ;do lbO{ lghx?af6 k|:tfj dfu ug'{ kg]{

k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b sfof{Gjog @) nfv ?k}+ofFeGbf sd /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfaf6 lnlvt ?kdf k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj dfu u/L vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Df}fh'bf ;"rLdf k/]sf k/fdz{bftf nfO{ sDtLdf #) lbgsf] ;do lbO{ lghx?af6 k|:tfj dfu ug]{ k|:tfj dfu ubf{ ;Dej eP;Dd ^ j6f / sDtLdf # j6f k/fdz{bftfnfO{ k|:tfj ;DaGwL sfuhft k7fO{ k|fljlws / cfly{s 5'§f 5'§} vfddf dfu ug]{

sfo{ If]qut zt{x? (Terms of Reference ) sf] tof/L

sfo{ If]qut zt{x?df tof/ ubf{ larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ kIfx? lbO{g] lhDd]jfl/sf] k|ofKt a'emfO{ tyf :ki6tf cfjZos lhDd]jfl/sf] k'0f{tf pknAw ah]6 tyf sfo{s|d adf]lhdsf] p¢]Zo / sfo{If]q ;+:yf, k|lalws la1tf / ;]jf k|bfossf] ;+u7gfTds ;ankIfx?

sfo{ If]qut zt{x?df tof/ ubf{ larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ kIfx? != k/fdz{bftfn] ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] k[i7e"ld / p2]Zo, @= k/fdz{bftfsf] sfo{If]q / lghn] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfd, #= sfd;Fu ;DalGwt cWoog tyf cfwf/e"t tYof+s pknAw eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f, $= k/fdz{bftfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ s'g} 1fg jf zLk x:tfGt/0f ug{' kg]{ eP ;f] ;DaGwL ljj/0f,

sfo{ If]qut zt{x?df tof/ ubf{ larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ kIfx? %= tfnLd k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ eP tfnLd lbg' kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof, ^= k/fdz{bftfsf] d'Vo hgzlQmsf] sfd tyf of]Uotf &= k/fdz{bftfn] ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] nflu nfUg] cg'dflgt ;do, *= k/fdz{bftfn] sfd z'? ug]{ / ;Dkfbg ul/;Sg' kg]{ ;do,

sfo{ If]qut zt{x?df tof/ ubf{ larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ kIfx? (= ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k/fdz{bftfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;"rgf, ef}lts ;'ljwf tyf pks/0fsf] ljj/0f !)=k/fdz{bftfn] k]z ug'{ kg]{ k|ltj]bg, tYof+s, gS;f, ;e]{ k|ltj]bg cflbsf] ljj/0f . !!= ;+u7gfTds Aoj:yf (Institutional Arrangement) !@= 5g]f6 lalw

of]Uotfsf cfwf/x? (Qualification Criteria) k|:tfjbftf JolQm eP lghsf] / kmd{ jf ;+:yf eP cfjZos ;+:yfut sfo{ cg'ej, k|:tfjbftfsf] d'Vo d'Vo sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZos z}lIfs of]Uotf / p:t} k|s[ltsf] sfo{sf] cfjZos cg'ej, sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ tl/sf, sfo{ljlw, sfo{If]tut zt{ k|ltsf] k|efju|flxtf, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / ;do tflnsf, k|:tfjbftfsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf,

of]Uotfsf cfwf/x? (Qualification Criteria) k|:tfjbftfsf] cfly{s Ifdtf, cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6 k|:tfj dfu ul/Psf] ePdf :jb]zL hgzlQmsf] ;xeflutf, / k|:tfj ;DaGwL sfuhftdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] cGo s'/f .

k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nfut cg'dfg nfut cg'dfgsf cfwf/x?M ;DalGwt dGqfnon] k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nfut cg'dfg ;DaGwL gD;{ tof/ u/]sf] eP To:tf] gD;{, ;DalGwt k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] sfo{ If]qut zt{, ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] rfn" jf cl3Nnf jif{x?df ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] vl/b ubf{ nfu]sf] jf:tljs nfut .

nfut cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ v'nfpg' kg]{ vr{x? d'Vo hgzlQm Pj+ cGo hgzlQmsf] vr{ -kfl/>lds, e|d0f vr{, hgzlQmsf] a;f]af; vr{, sfof{no vr{, cfjZos dfn;fdfg pks/0f / ;]jf vr{, k|ltj]bg / cGo sfuhftsf] cg'jfb, 5kfO{ vr{_ k/fdz{bftfn] tfnLd, uf]i7L jf e|d0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ eP To:tf] sfdsf] nflu nfUg] vr{ / cGo vr{

d'Nofs+g lalwM k/fdz{ ;]jf != Go'gtd nfutdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 (LCBS: Least Cost Based Selection) @= u'0f:t/ tyf nfutdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 (QCBS: Quality and Cost Based Selection) #= u'0f:t/df cfwfl/t 5gf}6 (QBS: Quality Based Selection) $= lglZrt ah]6 5gf}6 (FBS: Fixed Budget Selection)

d'Nofs+g lalwM k/fdz{ ;]jf afx]ssf] Go'gtd nfutdf cfwfl/t 5gf}6 (LCBS: Least Cost Based Selection) af]nkqs]f k'0f{tf (Completeness of Bid) of]Uotfsf cfwf/x? (Eligibility Criteria) k|flalws k'0f{tf (Technical Viability / Competency) lalQo k'0f{tf (Financial Viability / Competency)

vl/bdf k|of]u x'g] d'Vo zAbfjnLx? (Key Terms in Procurement) k'j{ of]Uotfsf] sfuhftx? (Pre-Qualification Documents) of]Uotfsf cfwf/x? (Eligibility Criteria) EOI (Expression of Interest) k|:tfjsf nflu cg'/f]w ( Request for Proposal); Af]fnkqbftf nfO{ hfgsfl/ (Instruction to Bidder) Datasheet Kf|flalws tyf lalQo :6]G88{ kmd (Technical and Financial Standard From) ;'rgfsf] xs (Right to Information)

vl/bdf k|of]u x'g] d'Vo zAbfjnLx? (Key Terms in Procurement) sfo{ut If]qx? (Terms of Reference ) d'Nofs+gsf cfwf/ (Evaluation Criteria) af]nkq hdfgt (Bid Security) sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt (Performance Guarantee) hDdf ug'{kg]{ /sd (Retention Money) k|Tofe'lt (Counter Guarantee) sfo{sf] kl/df0f (Bill of Quantity) (BOQ) ;Demf}tf Aoj:yfkg (Contract Management)

Standard Bidding Document sf] k|of]u Procurement of Goods (NCB), Procurement of Goods (NCB) Nepali version, Procurement of Goods (ICB) Procurement of Works (NCB) 20 M -1 Billion (two envelope) Procurement of Works (NCB) 2M -20 M (Non- qualification) Procurement of Works (NCB) 2 M- 20 M (Qualification)

k'0f{ af]nkq sfuhftsf efux? Dffn;dfgsf] af]nkq sfuhftsf d'Vo efux?M Invitation for Bids Instructions to Bidders Bid Data Sheet Evaluation and Qualification Criteria Bidding Forms  Schedule of Requirements Contract Forms General Conditions of Contract Special Conditions of Contract

vl/b lgoGq0f (Controlling Procurement) != ;'rgfsf] ;|f]t (Information Sources) @= k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? (Influencing Factors and Key Drivers) #= d'Vo ;xeflu tyf k|lt:klw{x? (Key Players and Competitive Rivalry) $= ahf/sf] kl/kSstf (Market Maturity) %= bjfa (Pressures) M PESTLE

vl/b Aoj:yfkgsf ;d;fdlos d'¢fx?

;Demf}tf Aoj:yfkg ;Demf}tf sf] k|efjsfl/tf (Effectiveness of Contract ) ;Demf}tf yk36 cfb]z (Contract Variation order) ;Demf}tf cjlw yk (Extension of Time ) ;Demf}tf tf]8\g] (Termination of Contract) ladf (Insurance) lj1x? nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ tyf x6fpg] (Replacement/Removal of Key Experts :jfldQ clwsf/ (Proprietary Rights) ;xfotf tyf 5'6 (Assistance and Exemptions)

;Demf}tf Aoj:yfkg e'Stflg bfloTj (Payment Obligation) Project Site, ;]jf, ;'lawf tyf ;Dklt ;Dd kx'r e'Stflg bfloTj (Payment Obligation) l9nf] e'Stflgdf :jfy{ (Interest on Delayed Payments) sfnf] ;'lr (Blacklisting) Ifltk'lt{ (Liquidated Damages) bfla tyf ¢Gbsf] ;fdfwfg (Claims and Settlement of Disputes)

Aojxfl/s tyf Aoj:yfklso kIf k]zfut tyf Aoj:yfklso Ifdtfsf] sld lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf l9nfO{ lae]bsfl/ Aoj;flos lglt vl/b sfuhft tyf lgb]{lzsfdf c;dfgtf ck|ofKt cGt/ ;+u7gfTds ;dGjo Empire Building Syndrome Rent Seeking Behavior

e-Government Procurement (e-GP) laB'lto vl/b k|0ffnL k|of]ustf{sf] Ifdtf (User Capability in using Electronic Procurement System)

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